Sex Worker Rights in India

This content is for educational purposes. MyMuse supports human rights, dignity, and safety for all individuals.

Key Takeaways

India has over 3 million sex workers, most operating without legal protections
Current law creates a grey zone that enables exploitation rather than preventing it
The 2022 Supreme Court ruling recognised dignity rights but implementation remains weak
Community-led organisations have achieved more than government programmes
Conflating voluntary adult sex work with trafficking harms both populations

In a country that enshrines dignity as a constitutional right, millions of people live without it. India's sex workers exist in a legal paradox where the act itself is not technically illegal, but everything surrounding it is criminalised. The result is a system designed not to protect but to punish.

This article takes a human rights and public health perspective, drawing on research, legal analysis, and sex worker community voices.

The Legal Framework

The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 targets the ecosystem around sex work: soliciting, running brothels, living off earnings, and recruitment. The intent was combating trafficking. The effect has been to push all sex work underground and strip workers of legal standing.

Police use the ITPA to raid, arrest, and extort. Sex workers consistently report law enforcement as among their most dangerous encounters. The 2022 Supreme Court ruling recognised their dignity and directed police restraint, but ground-level behaviour has barely changed.

Critical Distinction Trafficking involves force, fraud, or coercion. Conflating all sex work with trafficking denies agency to voluntary workers while diverting resources from actual victims.

The Health Crisis

India's HIV prevention among sex workers is a global success story, but unevenly distributed. Workers in established areas with NGO presence benefit. Those working independently or in smaller towns fall through cracks. Beyond HIV, reproductive healthcare invites judgement, mental health support is nonexistent, and violence is constant.

From MyMuse Curious about products that support your intimate wellness journey? Explore products →

Economics of Survival

For a woman from a marginalised caste with limited education, alternatives include domestic labour at Rs 5,000-8,000 monthly or construction work. The choice is not between sex work and comfort but between forms of exploitative labour. Addressing conditions requires economic alternatives, not moral judgement.

Community-Led Solutions

Organisations like Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee and VAMP, run by sex workers themselves, have achieved measurable improvements through health clinics, legal aid, safety protocols, and savings cooperatives.

What Must Change

Legal clarity to end the grey zone enabling police exploitation
Healthcare reform including non-judgemental training and comprehensive services
Real economic alternatives with substantive skills training
Demand-side policy addressing clients alongside workers

Common Questions About Sex Workers Rights

Is sex work legal in India?

The exchange between consenting adults is not explicitly criminalised, but related activities are illegal under ITPA, creating de facto criminalisation.

What did the 2022 Supreme Court ruling change?

It directed that consenting adult sex workers should not be arrested and mandated dignity in proceedings. Implementation remains inconsistent across states.

How can I support sex worker rights?

Support community-led organisations, advocate for reform, challenge stigmatising language, and support policies addressing root causes of vulnerability.